Her \u00f6nemli kriz d\u00f6nemlerinde hem \u201ctarihin sonu\u201d hem de \u201cyeni d\u00f6nem\u201d konu\u015fulur. 1914, 1929, 1939 b\u00f6yle d\u00f6nemlerdir. 1980\u2019ler sonu da b\u00f6yle bir d\u00f6nemdir… T\u0131pk\u0131 \u015fimdi Pandemi ile birlikte ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u201cyeni d\u00f6nem\u201d gibi\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

E\u015fitsizli\u011fin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorunlar otoriter yakla\u015f\u0131mlarla \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r, kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k, yan yana ya\u015fama k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ve demokrasi pek akla gelmez.  \u0130tiraz edenlere kar\u015f\u0131 \u201cbiz ve onlar\u201d ayr\u0131m\u0131 \u00fczerinden \u201cd\u00fc\u015fmanla\u015fma do\u011falla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak\u201d ideolojik bir hegemonya kurulur. Otorite kutsan\u0131r, hukuksuzluk ve \u015fiddet \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar. Otorite b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fck\u00e7e ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan siyasi dengesizlik \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fcr, hayal kurmak bile zorla\u015f\u0131r\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A\u00c7IK FA\u015e\u0130ZM VE SOSYAL DEVLET<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1918\u2019de Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 bitti\u011finde bu sava\u015f i\u00e7in \u201ct\u00fcm sava\u015flar\u0131 sonland\u0131ran sava\u015f\u201d belirlemesi yap\u0131l\u0131r ama \u00e7ok de\u011fil 21 y\u0131l sonra, 1939\u2019da tam 6 y\u0131l s\u00fcrecek ve 60 milyon ki\u015finin \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, atom bombas\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 birinciden b\u00fcy\u00fck ikinci bir sava\u015f ba\u015flar\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130kinci sava\u015fa giden yolda 1929 b\u00fcy\u00fck krizi \u00e7ok belirleyici olur. Tam bu d\u00f6nemde \u0130talya, Almanya, \u0130spanya gibi Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nemli \u00fclkelerinde \u00f6nce otoriter yap\u0131lar, sonra da fa\u015fist rejimler in\u015fa edilirken, \u0130sve\u00e7\u2019te tam tersi olur\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130sve\u00e7\u2019te 1920\u2019lar\u0131n ilk y\u0131llar\u0131ndan itibaren belirleyici bir konuma sahip Sosyal Demokrat \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Partisi 1929\u2019da ba\u015flayan b\u00fcy\u00fck bunal\u0131m d\u00f6neminde, fa\u015fizmin esen g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc r\u00fczgar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u0130sve\u00e7 K\u00f6yl\u00fc Partisi\u2019ni de yan\u0131na alarak ekonomik krize kar\u015f\u0131   devlet m\u00fcdahalesini \u00f6ng\u00f6ren program\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015f, Anayasas\u0131\u2019na \u201cbireyin ki\u015fisel, iktisadi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel refah\u0131, kamusal etkinliklerin ana hedefi olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kamunun g\u00f6revi, her \u015feyden \u00f6nce, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, konut ve e\u011fitim hakk\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcvenceye almak ve iyi ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131nda sosyal g\u00fcvenli\u011fi sa\u011flamakt\u0131r\u201d diye yazar ve \u0130sve\u00e7, e\u011fitim, sa\u011fl\u0131k, emeklilik, sosyal yard\u0131m ve i\u015fsizlik sigortas\u0131 \u00fczerine kurulan ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 s\u00fctunlar \u00fczerinden y\u00fckselmeye ba\u015flar. Fa\u015fizmin b\u00fcy\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck k\u0131taya hakim olurken, \u0130sve\u00e7 sosyal demokratlar\u0131 \u201c\u00f6rnek evde ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 olanlara ya da itilenlere yer yoktur, ne \u00fcst\u00fcn tutulanlar ne de \u00fcvey evlatlar vard\u0131r orada. Kimse kimseyi kendinden k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck g\u00f6rmez, kimse kimsenin s\u0131rt\u0131ndan yarar sa\u011flamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaz, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olan g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fcz\u00fc ezmez ve e\u015fyalar\u0131na el koymaz\u201d yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. \u0130sve\u00e7\u2019te sosyal refah devletinin kurulmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli sembollerinden biri olan ve bayra\u011f\u0131 1969\u2019da Olaf Palme\u2019ye devredene kadar uzun y\u0131llar ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k yapan \u00fclkesinin NATO d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan ve 1968\u2019de N\u00fckleer Silahlar\u0131n Yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00d6nlenmesi Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 da imzalayan Tage Erlander bu durumu, \u201cOrta Avrupa\u2019da sokaklarda barikatlar kuruldu. \u0130sve\u00e7\u2019te ise engelsiz kav\u015faklar \u00fczerinden ilerlemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u201c diye anlat\u0131r\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sona erdi\u011finde kendi \u00fclkelerinde, hem kendi halk\u0131na hem de di\u011fer halklara barikatlar kuran Almanya, \u0130talya gibi \u00fclkelerdeki fa\u015fist rejimler yenilirken, \u0130sve\u00e7, di\u011fer \u0130skandinav \u00fclkelerini de etkileyerek sosyal refah devleti modelini geli\u015ftirir. Sovyetlerin sava\u015ftan galip \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131, Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fusunda sosyalizmi bir sisteme d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcrken, Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n bat\u0131s\u0131ndaki yenik \u00fclkelerinde de hem fa\u015fizmden ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f\u0131n hem de \u201csosyalizm tehlikesinin\u201d etkisiyle \u201csosyal devlet\u201d modelleri \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flar, Almanya ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere Sosyal Demokrat partiler bunun \u00f6nemli y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcc\u00fcleri olurlar\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu model Avrupa ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmaz, sava\u015ftan yenilerek \u00e7\u0131kan ve demokrasisi hep tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan Japonya yeni Anayasas\u0131\u2019nda \u201cherkesin e\u015fit vatanda\u015fl\u0131k ba\u011f\u0131yla devlete ba\u011fl\u0131 olmas\u0131\u201d kural\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r, cinsiyet ve s\u0131n\u0131f ayr\u0131m\u0131 g\u00f6zetmeksizin herkese mecburi e\u011fitim hizmeti vermeye ba\u015flar, toprak ve vergi reformlar\u0131 yapar ve hem de \u201cmuhafazakar parti\u201d eliyle sosyal devleti in\u015fa eder. (Liberal Demokrat Parti, 1955-1993 aras\u0131 Japonya\u2019y\u0131 tek ba\u015f\u0131na ve kesintisiz y\u00f6netir.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hem Avrupa\u2019da, hem de Japonya\u2019da uzun s\u00fcre ayn\u0131 partilerin iktidarda kal\u0131p sosyal devletleri y\u00f6netmeleri partilerin kendi i\u00e7lerinde farkl\u0131 e\u011filimleri ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131n\u0131n, adeta birer koalisyon partileri olmalar\u0131n\u0131n etkisi vard\u0131r. Avrupa sosyal demokrat partileri bu y\u00fczden \u201ckanatl\u0131\u201d partilerdir. Japonya\u2019da \u00fclkeyi k\u0131sa aral\u0131klar hari\u00e7,1955 -2015 aras\u0131nda tek ba\u015f\u0131na y\u00f6neten parti Liberal Demokrat Parti (LDP) olsa da bu s\u00fcrede tam 46 h\u00fck\u00fcmet kurulmu\u015f ve h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin ortalama \u00f6mr\u00fc 15 ay civar\u0131nda olmu\u015ftur, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc LDP ayn\u0131 zamanda bir \u201ckoalisyon partisi\u201d gibidir, 46 h\u00fck\u00fcmet parti i\u00e7i \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n sonucudur\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nitekim y\u00fcz\u00fc \u201csosyal devlete\u201d d\u00f6n\u00fck \u00fclkelerde yasalar, siyaset kurumlar\u0131, uzmanlar ve yasadan etkilenecek toplumsal gruplar\u0131n temsilcilerinin yan yana gelmesiyle \u015fekillenir. \u201cRemiss Y\u00f6ntemi\u201d ya da \u201cfikir alma s\u00fcreci\u201d<\/strong> de denebilecek bu y\u00f6ntemin temelinde, uzla\u015fmaya ve fikir birli\u011fine dayal\u0131 bir toplum d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi yatar. Sistem uzla\u015fma, m\u00fczakere ve entegrasyon \u00fczerine kuruludur. Merkezi devlet, \u00f6zy\u00f6netim gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan belediyeler ve yayg\u0131n sivil toplum \u00f6rg\u00fctleri \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir sacaya\u011f\u0131 gibidir\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n da bir sonucu olarak 1930\u2019larden itibaren \u0130sve\u00e7\u2019te, 1950\u2019lerden itibaren Bat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019da sosyal demokrasi \u201calt\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u201d ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kendilerini sosyal demokrat olarak nitelemeseler de (-ki sosyal demokrat kavram\u0131 daha \u00e7ok Avrupa\u2019da kullan\u0131lan bir kavramd\u0131r) halk\u00e7\u0131-devrimci-Bolivarc\u0131 partiler de Latin Amerika\u2019da \u201cAvrupa\u2019daki gibi\u201d olmasa da 10-15 y\u0131la yay\u0131lan k\u0131sa ama \u201cparlak\u201d bir d\u00f6nem ya\u015fam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1980\u2019lerin sonunda sosyalist sistemin \u00e7\u00f6kmesi ile ABD ve AB\u2019nin etkisinde \u201cyeni bir d\u00fcnya d\u00fczeni\u201d kurulmu\u015f, \u201cd\u00fczen tekle\u015fince\u201d de \u201cideolojilerin sonunun\u201d geldi\u011fi ilan edilmi\u015f ve sosyalizm tehlikesinden \u201ckurtulan\u201d kapitalist sistem, sosyal devlet uygulamalar\u0131ndan ve fikriyat\u0131ndan h\u0131zla uzakla\u015fmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bili\u015fim teknolojisinin geli\u015fmesi, sermayenin \u201conline\u201d olmas\u0131, kripto paralar\u0131n devreye girmesi, klasik \u201ci\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmesi, kad\u0131n istihdam\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131, esnek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, g\u00f6\u00e7menlik, \u201cyeni milliyet\u00e7ilik\u201d, \u201cyeni fa\u015fizm\u201d gibi bir\u00e7ok yeni kavram\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131yla, \u201cneo-liberal\u201d ekonomi ve politika ad\u0131 konmam\u0131\u015f yeni bir ideolojik hegemonya yarat\u0131rken, sosyal demokrasi bu hegemonyan\u0131n etkisinde kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Nitekim, \u0130ngiltere\u2019de \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Partisi lideri Blair ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere sosyal demokrat partiler de \u00f6nce k\u00fcresel kapitalizmle do\u011frudan hesapla\u015fmak yerine \u201c\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc yol\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015flar sonra da t\u00fcm\u00fcyle \u201cmerkeze\u201d yaslan\u0131nca, demokrasi ve sosyal devlet lehine kazan\u0131lan t\u00fcm haklar, demokratik t\u00fcm ileri ad\u0131mlar bir bir geri al\u0131nmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f, \u00f6zellikle ABD\u2019de Trump\u2019la birlikte, bizde oldu\u011fu gibi bir \u00e7ok \u00fclkede otoriter ve tek adam rejimleri b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyada t\u0131pk\u0131 1930\u2019lardaki gibi yeniden a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k olu\u015fturmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak bu siyasal iklim uzun s\u00fcrmez, bilerek ve isteyerek ad\u0131 konulmadan konu\u015fulan kapitalizmde kriz \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmaya, bir yanda i\u015fsizlik ve yoksulluk artmaya, sosyal devlet g\u00fcvencesi h\u0131zla yok olmaya, di\u011fer yanda da bizim co\u011frafyam\u0131zda oldu\u011fu gibi b\u00f6lgesel sava\u015flar-\u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar artt\u0131k\u00e7a b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6\u00e7 dalgalar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nca \u201cmerkezler\u201d \u00e7\u00f6kmeye ba\u015flar. Yaln\u0131zca sosyal demokrat partiler de\u011fil, merkez sa\u011f partiler de g\u00fc\u00e7 kaybetmeye ba\u015flar\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

YEN\u0130 FA\u015e\u0130ZM VE D\u0130J\u0130TAL D\u00dcNYA<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pandemi b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyada, devletlerde de, siyasal sistemlerde de ya\u015fanan krizin boyutlar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Yaln\u0131zca ekonomik krizi ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmad\u0131, sistemin krizini ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131, zenginlerle yoksullar aras\u0131ndaki makas ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc, a\u015f\u0131 bulmada da, a\u015f\u0131 olmada da adaletsizli\u011fin ve e\u015fitsizli\u011fin her alanda ne kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck oldu\u011funu da g\u00f6rd\u00fck\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1,5 y\u0131ld\u0131r h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmeyen salg\u0131n bir yandan i\u015fsizli\u011fi ve yoksullu\u011fu derinle\u015ftirirken, di\u011fer yandan da e\u015fitsizli\u011fi derinle\u015ftiriyor. Oxfam’\u0131n yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 e\u015fitsizlik raporuna g\u00f6re, Jeff Bezos, Bernard Arnault, Bill Gates, Mark Zuckerberg gibi art\u0131k hepimizin isimlerini ezberledi\u011fi ve 12 trilyon dolarl\u0131k servete sahip olan d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en zengin 10 ki\u015fisinin serveti yaln\u0131zca 9 ayda, Mart 2020 ile Aral\u0131k 2020 aras\u0131nda net olarak 540 milyar dolar artt\u0131. T\u00fcm d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun a\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131na ve hi\u00e7 kimsenin pandemi nedeniyle yoksullu\u011fa d\u00fc\u015fmemesi i\u00e7in yeterli olan bu servet art\u0131\u015f\u0131 yaln\u0131zca 10 ki\u015fiyi b\u00fcy\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en zengin y\u00fczde 1’lik kesiminin k\u00fcresel servetin %82’sine sahip olmas\u0131n\u0131 da sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6yle g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor ki, 20. Y\u00fczy\u0131l, kalabal\u0131klar\u0131n kudretinin \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kitleler \u00e7a\u011f\u0131yd\u0131, \u015fimdi ba\u015flayan \u201cdijital \u00e7a\u011f\u201d kitleleri \u00f6nemsizle\u015ftiren bir yere do\u011fru evriliyor. \u00d6rne\u011fin Amazon\u2019un kurucusu Jeff Bezos yaln\u0131zca 2020 y\u0131l\u0131nda kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 parayla istese 876 bin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcne 105’er bin dolar ikramiye da\u011f\u0131tabilirdi ve serveti yine de salg\u0131n \u00f6ncesiyle ayn\u0131 kal\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u0130R F\u0130RMANIN DE\u011eER\u0130 T\u00dcRK\u0130YE B\u00dcT\u00c7ES\u0130NDEN B\u00dcY\u00dcK<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu bilinen ger\u00e7eklik kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda en iddial\u0131 sosyal devletler bile e\u015fitsizli\u011fi \u00e7\u00f6zmek i\u00e7in hamle yapmak yerine e\u015fitsizli\u011fi y\u00f6netmek i\u00e7in kendini konumland\u0131rm\u0131\u015f durumdalar, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc g\u00fc\u00e7 dengeleri de de\u011fi\u015fti, ekonomide etkin olan g\u00fc\u00e7ler de. Enerji, sa\u011fl\u0131k, silah gibi sekt\u00f6rler a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirseler de bili\u015fim sekt\u00f6r\u00fc yaln\u0131zca 10-15 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde inan\u0131lmaz bir s\u0131\u00e7rama yapt\u0131, kapitalist sistemin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131 de\u011fer hesap edilemeyen boyutlara geldi. Bug\u00fcn d\u00fcnyan\u0131n hem ciro hem de marka de\u011feri en y\u00fcksek 10 firmas\u0131ndan 7\u2019si bili\u015fim firmas\u0131. Bug\u00fcn bir tek bili\u015fim firmas\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131n\u0131z yoksul \u00fclkeleri G20 i\u00e7inde yer alan \u00fclkelerin y\u0131ll\u0131k b\u00fct\u00e7elerinden daha fazla b\u00fct\u00e7eye sahip hale geldiler. \u00d6rne\u011fin birinci s\u0131radaki Apple 2 milyar 250 milyar Dolar piyasa de\u011feriyle T\u00fcrkiye b\u00fct\u00e7esinin neredeyse 3 kat\u0131, Facebook\u2019un piyasa de\u011feri ise neredeyse T\u00fcrkiye b\u00fct\u00e7esi kadar\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yeni D\u00fcnya D\u00fczeni de\u011feri bir milyar dolar\u0131 a\u015fan y\u00fczlerce \u201cUnicorn\u201d denen yeni nesil \u015firketlerle doldu. \u201cDijital kapitalizme\u201d d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen yeni d\u00fcnya d\u00fczeni ayn\u0131 zamanda ABD ile \u00c7in aras\u0131nda ciddi bir kap\u0131\u015fmaya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc, g\u00fc\u00e7 merkezi Avrupa\u2019dan Uzak Do\u011fu\u2019ya kayd\u0131. Yaln\u0131zca inovasyon ve dijital teknoloji tabanl\u0131 bir \u00fcretim bi\u00e7imi \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmad\u0131,  klasik burjuvazinin yerini ya\u015f\u0131 daha gen\u00e7 olan yeni bir ku\u015fak ald\u0131. Devletleri y\u00f6netenlerin ortalama ya\u015f\u0131 65 civar\u0131nda seyrederken, ki bu \u201cdijital \u00e7a\u011f \u00f6ncesi\u201d ya\u015fa tekab\u00fcl ediyordu, k\u00fcresel \u015firketleri y\u00f6netenlerin ya\u015f\u0131 kendilerinin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cdijital \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u201d ya\u015f\u0131na tekab\u00fcl ediyor\u2026<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u015fsizlik, yoksulluk, gelir adaletsizli\u011fi, sosyal devletten uzakla\u015fma, \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 ve kimlik\u00e7i bir zeminde geli\u015fen kriz otoriter yap\u0131lar\u0131 ve yeni fa\u015fizmi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yor. Geni\u015f y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131n sistemi sorgulamas\u0131 fiili olarak engelledi\u011fi gibi, yaln\u0131zca \u201chayata tutunmalar\u0131n\u0131\u201d sa\u011flamlar\u0131 i\u00e7in m\u00fcthi\u015f bir y\u00f6nlendirme yap\u0131l\u0131yor. Otoriter devletlerde yeni bir oligar\u015fik yap\u0131 \u015fekillenip,  y\u00f6netenlerin say\u0131s\u0131 giderek azal\u0131rken, devletlerin yerini de \u015firketler almaya ba\u015fl\u0131yor. Bug\u00fcn hayat\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n \u201czorunlu\u201d bir par\u00e7as\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclen teknolojik-dijital aletlerin, cep telefonundan uzaya g\u00f6nderilen uydulara kadar ezici bir \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu \u00f6zel \u015firketler \u00fcretiyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4.0 OLMADI 5.0 DEMOKRAS\u0130 GET\u0130R\u0130R M\u0130?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu ger\u00e7eklik bizi teredd\u00fcts\u00fcz \u201c\u015firket \u00fclkelere\u201d ve Orwell\u2019in 1984\u2019deki \u201ckurgu bilim roman\u0131n\u0131\u201d solda s\u0131f\u0131r b\u0131rakacak b\u00fcy\u00fck dijital diktat\u00f6rl\u00fcklere g\u00f6t\u00fcrebilir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc kriter tek: En az vergi, en az i\u015f\u00e7i \u00fccreti, en y\u00fcksek kar, belki de \u201cen az insan\u201d!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bug\u00fcn ki\u015fisel veriler \u201calt\u0131n\u201d de\u011ferinde, para h\u0131zla merkez bankalar\u0131ndaki bas\u0131l\u0131 paralardan sanal paralara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor. \u201cYeni burjuvaziye\u201d ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc para kazand\u0131ran ve sermayenin s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 elde birikmesini sa\u011flayan \u201ctoplum 3.0 ve sanayi 4.0\u201ddan sonra \u201cToplum 5.0\u201d devrede\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toplum 5.0, Sanayi 4.0 gibi daha verimli \u00fcretimle zenginle\u015fmenin ve bu zenginli\u011fi daha adil payla\u015fabilecek bir toplumun potansiyelini daha fazla i\u00e7inde ta\u015f\u0131yor. Sanayi 4.0 \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki m\u00fclkiyetin \u00f6nemini g\u00f6rece yitirilmesini sa\u011flasa da, \u201cdijital sermaye\u201d daha az elde topland\u0131.  Sermaye tabana yay\u0131lmad\u0131, iddia edildi\u011fi gibi e\u015fitlik\u00e7i bir toplum d\u00fczenini tetiklemedi, s\u0131n\u0131fsal dengeyi geni\u015f y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar aleyhine bozdu, yeni meslek gruplar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131ksa da kaybolan \/ kaybolmaya ba\u015flayan mesleklerin de etkisiyle i\u015fsizlik derinle\u015fti\u2026

Avc\u0131 toplumu ile ba\u015flayan toplumsal uygarl\u0131k, \u00f6nce tar\u0131m toplumuna, sonra sanayi toplumuna, arkas\u0131ndan da bilgi toplumlar\u0131na, sonra Sanayi 4.0\u2019a ve \u015fimdilerde Toplum 5,0\u2019a kadar uzand\u0131\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cSanayi 4.0\u201da ad\u0131n\u0131 Almanlar verirken, \u201cToplum 5.0\u201d\u0131 da Japonlar adland\u0131rd\u0131\u2026
Japonlar\u0131n ad\u0131n\u0131 koydu\u011fu ve geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi bu modelde iddia o ki, en genel ifadesiyle \u201cs\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc de\u011fil, e\u015fitlik olacak\u201d, \u201cToplum 5.0’da zenginlik ve bilgi, toplumun t\u00fcm\u00fcne da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lacak, yarat\u0131c\u0131 topluluk \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kacak, dijitalle\u015fme ve Toplum 5.0 e\u015fitsizli\u011fi engelleyecek. Zenginli\u011fin ve bilginin belli az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n elinde yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131 engellenecek, insanlar aras\u0131 e\u015fitsizlik bitecek, ortay \u00e7\u0131kan faydalar  toplumun t\u00fcm oyuncular\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan payla\u015f\u0131lacak, „fiziksel alan ile siber alan\u0131n \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u015feklide entegre olmas\u0131ndan do\u011fan s\u00fcper ak\u0131ll\u0131 toplum do\u011facak\u2026“<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dijital d\u00fcnyada, yapay zekalar \u00fczerinden o kadar fazla yeni teknolojinin geli\u015fti\u011fi bu geli\u015fmenin bilim kurgu filmlerini \u201cger\u00e7e\u011fe\u201d d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir ortamda geni\u015f y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131n kom\u00fcnizm hayalinde oldu\u011fu gibi e\u015fitlenmesi ya da \u0130sve\u00e7\u2019le ba\u015flayan \u201cSosyal Refah Devleti\u201d modeliyle bulu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n kolay olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 artan e\u015fitsizli\u011fi dikkat al\u0131rsak ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fil!

\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc sistem art\u0131 de\u011fer ve e\u015fitsizlikler \u00fczerine kurulu, devletler Anayasalarda \u201ce\u015fitli\u011fi\u201d telaffuz ediyor olsalar da, fiili olarak az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 savunan bir \u00fcst yap\u0131 kurumu\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hangisi ger\u00e7ek, dijital \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n e\u015fitsizli\u011fi derinle\u015ftirece\u011fi ve insan\u0131 \u00f6nemsizle\u015ftirece\u011fi mi, e\u015fitlik, insan ve do\u011fa i\u00e7in bir \u015fans m\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesi yeni bir bak\u0131\u015f\u0131, kendini yenileyen bir sosyal demokrasiyi zorunlu k\u0131l\u0131yor\u2026
Hem burjuvazinin hem de \u201cproletaryan\u0131n\u201d yani s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131 ve isimleri de de\u011fi\u015firken, bug\u00fcn\u00fc ve yar\u0131n\u0131 yaln\u0131zca d\u00fcn\u00fcn modelleriyle a\u00e7\u0131klamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Evet \u201cE\u015fitlik, Karde\u015flik, \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u201d kavramlar\u0131 1798 Frans\u0131z devriminde sembol kavramlara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fse de uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren hep varolagelmi\u015f kavramlard\u0131r ve \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri, s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n pozisyonu gibi bir \u00e7ok \u015fey de\u011fi\u015fse de bu talepleri de\u011fi\u015fmedi!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1920\u2019lerdeki \u0130sve\u00e7\u2019in tercihi ile Almanya ve \u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n tercihleri d\u00fcn \u00f6nemliydi, bug\u00fcn de insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n bu kutsal de\u011ferleri i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli. Yeni fa\u015fizm, dijitalle\u015fmeyle b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015ferek \u201caltta kalan\u0131n can\u0131 \u00e7\u0131ks\u0131n\u201d diyerek dijital diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011fe y\u00f6nelme potansiyelini ta\u015f\u0131rken, \u201caslolan b\u00fct\u00fcn insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n mutlulu\u011fu ve refah\u0131\u201d diyen sosyal demokrasi tam da bu d\u00f6nemde rol \u00fcstlenmeli\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deneyler g\u00f6steriyor ki, krizin kendisi, gelece\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fck belirsizlik, geni\u015f halk kitlelerini kolayl\u0131kla otoriter e\u011filimleri desteklemeye y\u00f6neltebilir. Macaristan\u2019da Ba\u015fbakan Viktor Orban<\/strong>\u2019\u0131n koronavir\u00fcs salg\u0131n\u0131n\u0131 gerek\u00e7e g\u00f6stererek meclisten kendisine \u00fclkeyi kararnamelerle y\u00f6netme yetkisi almas\u0131 \u00f6nemli bir \u00f6rnektir! 1920\u2019ler \u0130talyas\u0131\u2019nda Mussolini, 1933 Almanya\u2019s\u0131nda Hitler benzer yetkiler alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ROL DE\u011e\u0130\u015e\u0130M\u0130 \u015eART, SOSYAL DEMOKRAS\u0130 ROL \u00dcSTLENMEL\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u201c21. Y\u00fczy\u0131l i\u00e7in 21 Ders\u201d kitab\u0131nda Harari \u201c1938\u2019de insanlar\u0131n tercih edebilece\u011fi \u00fc\u00e7 k\u00fcresel anlat\u0131 mevcuttu. Bu 1968\u2019de iki, 1998\u2019de de tek bir anlat\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcr\u00fcyor gibiydi. 2018\u2019de ise elimiz bo\u015f kald\u0131\u201d belirlemesi yap\u0131yor. \u00dcstelik bunu b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnya i\u00e7in s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cBo\u015f kalan eli\u201d doldurmak, bu eli b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fcretimi bir avu\u00e7 az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n de\u011fil, \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun lehine sosyal refah devleti hayaliyle doldurmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. Rol de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi tam da bunun i\u00e7in gerekli! Krizden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan bu yana ya\u015fanan e\u015fitsizli\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131 tavr\u0131 tesad\u00fcflere de, niyetlere de b\u0131rakmay\u0131z. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gustave Le Bon \u201cKitleler Psikolojisi\u201d adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda diyor ki, \u201ckitleler hi\u00e7bir zaman ger\u00e7e\u011fe susamam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Onlar\u0131 hayallere \u00e7ekmesini bilenler onlara h\u00e2kim olurlar ve h\u00fclyalar\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131ranlarda onlar\u0131n kurban\u0131 olurlar.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sosyal demokrasi geni\u015f kitleleri e\u015fitlik ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck hayallerine \u00e7ekecek bir ideolojik-politik duru\u015fun ad\u0131d\u0131r. Yaln\u0131zca bu bile 21. y\u00fczy\u0131lda sosyal demokrasinin radikal m\u00fcdahalelerine ihtiyac\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131l\u0131yor\u2026

B\u00fct\u00fcn bu tart\u0131\u015fmalardan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n anahtar\u0131 \u201ckamucu bir sosyal devlet\u201d modelinde yat\u0131yor. Bunu da ancak sosyal demokrasi yapar!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bunun ilk ad\u0131m\u0131 sistemle hesapla\u015fmadan ge\u00e7iyor.<\/strong>
Kapitalizm her yerde art\u0131k daha vah\u015fi, daha ac\u0131mazs\u0131z hale geldi\u011fi i\u00e7in orta yerdeki \u201cotoriter demokrasiler\u201d neredeyse \u201cs\u0131radan\u201d her talebi devrimcile\u015ftirdi! Bundan dolay\u0131, sosyal demokrasinin kamuculu\u011fu, kooperatif\u00e7ili\u011fi, kimlikleri a\u015fan e\u015fit yurtta\u015fl\u0131k, adalet, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, tam demokrasi gibi \u00f6nermeleri bug\u00fcn yaln\u0131zca T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de\u011fil, Avrupa\u2019da da, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her yerinde de devrimci taleplere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

KAMUCULUK VE SOSYAL DEVLET<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bizde nas\u0131l ki ad\u0131 \u201ckamu-\u00f6zel yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131\u201d olan ve \u201c\u00f6zel yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131ya\u201d ayr\u0131cal\u0131k tan\u0131yan dev yat\u0131r\u0131mlara kar\u015f\u0131 hakl\u0131 olarak kamula\u015ft\u0131rma \u00f6nerileri ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yorsa ba\u015fka \u00fclkelerde de benzer \u00f6neriler \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor\u2026
\u00d6rne\u011fin, Almanya\u2019da SPD\u2019nin Gen\u00e7lik \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc JUSO\u2019nun o d\u00f6nemki ba\u015fkan\u0131, \u015fimdi SPD\u2019nin Genel Ba\u015fkan Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Kevin K\u00fchnert, 2019\u2019da 100 milyar Euro \u00fczerinde cirosu, 134 bin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131 olan \u201cBMW gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck sanayi kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n \u015fimdiki bi\u00e7imde olmas\u0131na gerek yok. Her \u015feyden \u00f6nce elde etti\u011fi k\u00e2r\u0131n demokratik \u015fekilde kontrol edilmesi gerekiyor. B\u00f6yle bir i\u015fletmeye kapitalist bir sahibin olmas\u0131na da gerek yok. De\u011feri yaratan on binlerce insan neden ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k nedeniyle pazarl\u0131k yapt\u0131klar\u0131 \u00fccretle yetinsinler\u201d demesi, arkas\u0131ndan da \u201cemlak devlerinin elindeki konut sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn kamula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131, herkesin sadece \u2018kendi ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 evin sahibi olmal\u0131\u201d dedi\u011finde bu yakla\u015f\u0131mlar Almanya\u2019da adeta deprem etkisi yaratt\u0131. Yaln\u0131zca muhafazakar d\u00fcnyada de\u011fil, SPD i\u00e7inde de diren\u00e7le kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fan bu \u201cetki\u201d bug\u00fcn Almanya\u2019dan \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye Arjantin\u2019den ABD\u2019ye kadar \u201cServet Vergisi\u201d olarak konu\u015fuluyor, „s\u00fcper-zenginlerden daha \u00e7ok vergi al\u0131p, bunu Pandemi ile m\u00fccadele de kullanmal\u0131y\u0131z\u201d deniliyor!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ABD\u2019de Demokrat Parti\u2019nin \u201cDe\u011fi\u015fim cesaret gerektirir\u201d diyen <\/strong>1989 do\u011fumlu en gen\u00e7 senat\u00f6rlerinden Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez<\/a> servet vergisi \u00f6nermesini bir ad\u0131m daha ileri ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131p ge\u00e7enlerde \u201cy\u0131ll\u0131k geliri 10 milyon dolar\u0131n \u00fczerinde kazananlar\u0131n y\u00fczde 70 vergi al\u0131nmal\u0131\u201d demi\u015fti. Yine ABD\u2019de Biden ile girdi\u011fi \u00f6n se\u00e7im yar\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 kaybetse de \u201csosyal devlet\u201d fikrinden vazge\u00e7meyen Berni Sanders „D\u00fcnyan\u0131n her \u00fclkesinde, milyarder s\u0131n\u0131fa istedikleri her \u015feyin olamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyen bir lider kadrosuna ihtiya\u00e7 var. Bu gezegenin n\u00fcfusunun y\u00fczde 1\u2019i, geri kalan y\u00fczde 99\u2019undan daha fazla zengin, bunu de\u011fi\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in Amerika\u2019ya siyasal bir devrim gerekli\u201d  derken \u0130ngiltere\u2019de de \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Partisi Genel Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Jeremy Corby \u201cbili\u015fim \u015firketleri, su ve enerji kamula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131 ve geliri yurtta\u015flar\u0131n e\u015fitli\u011fi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmal\u0131\u201d  demi\u015f, \u201cG\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde yeni devlet\u00e7ilik g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc sosyal devleti savunmakt\u0131r, \u00fcretti\u011fini hak\u00e7a b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015fen, e\u015fitlik\u00e7i bir toplum yaratmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn\u201d diyen CHP Genel Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Kemal K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7daro\u011flu da bu tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n ba\u015fka bir boyutuna dikkat \u00e7ekmi\u015fti\u2026

Bu yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n hayat bulabilmesi i\u00e7in sosyal demokrasinin kendisini devrimci bir yakla\u015f\u0131mla yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131ndan, refah devleti projesini de siyaseten yeniden \u015fekillendirmesinden ge\u00e7mektedir…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Devletin yeniden sosyalle\u015fece\u011fi, b\u00fcy\u00fck art\u0131 de\u011ferlerin vatanda\u015flar lehine i\u015fsizli\u011fi ortadan kald\u0131ran, yoksulluk sorunun \u00e7\u00f6zen ve ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan art\u0131 de\u011ferin bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak toplumun refah seviyesinin y\u00fckseltmesini \u00f6neren yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n sesi bu nedenle art\u0131rmal\u0131\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bili\u015fimin artt\u0131\u011f\u0131, biyoteknolojinin g\u00fc\u00e7lendi\u011fi, yapay zekan\u0131n \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeni d\u00f6nemi insanl\u0131k lehine geli\u015fme olarak g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olsa da, e\u011fer bu d\u00f6nem ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan devasa art\u0131 de\u011fer kamu lehine kullan\u0131lmazsa \u201cvah\u015fi kapitalizm\u201d b\u00fct\u00fcn insanl\u0131k ve hatta gezegenimiz i\u00e7in ciddi bir tehlike olu\u015fturacakt\u0131r\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yurtta\u015fl\u0131k kavram\u0131 giderek \u00f6nemsizle\u015ftirirken, ya\u015fanan sistem sanki kapitalizm de\u011filmi\u015f gibi, yeni bir sistem \u00f6nermesi olmayanlar \/ olamayanlar, bireyleri merkeze alarak, sistemin, kapitalizmin sorumlu\u011funu gizleme \u00e7abas\u0131 i\u00e7ine giriyorlar\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ve zaman kazanarak iktidarlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmek i\u00e7in \u00f6rne\u011fin Avrupa\u2019da kendine ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 yabanc\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131, \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 ve fa\u015fizan gruplar yarat\u0131rken, bizde de dini kimlikler \u00fczerinden cemaatleri ve tarikatlar\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fcyorlar, yeni fa\u015fizmi \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fcyorlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ve bu ko\u015fullarda hukuku, kat\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131 bir parlamenter demokrasiyi, yerel y\u00f6netimlere daha fazla s\u00f6z hakk\u0131n\u0131, e\u015fit ve adil payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 savunmak neredeyse radikal talepler haline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor.
Yoksullu\u011fu ve i\u015fsizli\u011fi \u00e7\u00f6zmek yerine bu ger\u00e7ekleri y\u00f6netmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan iktidarlar \u00f6zellikle ikinci d\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131 \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan sosyal devletlerin vatanda\u015fa hak olarak sundu\u011fu bir\u00e7ok \u015feyi \u201cyard\u0131m\u201d ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda l\u00fctuf olarak sunmaya kalk\u0131yor, ilerlemeye ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla demokrasiye direniyorlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

BA\u015eKA B\u0130R D\u00dcZEN M\u00dcMK\u00dcN<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Demokrasi ile sosyalizm idealini birle\u015ftiren, e\u015fitlik\u00e7i, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc ba\u015fka bir d\u00fczen kurmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. 21. y\u00fczy\u0131l sosyal demokrasinin \u201csosyal refah devleti \u00fczerinden\u201d adaleti ve e\u015fitli\u011fi sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir y\u00fczy\u0131l olabilir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u201ckrizler ne kadar ac\u0131l\u0131 ve tehlikeli olsalar da, sava\u015flar\u0131n verildi\u011fi ve kazan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 zeminlerdir\u201d. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cVatanda\u015f bireyci olmay\u0131 ve kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 toplumsal \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne koymay\u0131 tercih edebilir. Ama toplumsal bir yap\u0131n\u0131n par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak, bir vatanda\u015f bireycili\u011fi bir yana koyarak toplumsal bir irade yaratmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015facakt\u0131r. Bu nedenle hukuk b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak neyin toplum i\u00e7in faydal\u0131 oldu\u011funa karar vermeli ve bireyler buna raz\u0131 olmal\u0131 ya da zorla raz\u0131 edilmelidir\u201d diyen \u201cToplumsal S\u00f6zle\u015fme\u201dnin babas\u0131 Jean-Jacques Rousseau\u2019ya kulak verme zaman\u0131\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(\u0130kinci Y\u00fczy\u0131l Dergisi\u2019nde yay\u0131nland\u0131)<\/p>\n\n\n\nwww.ikinciyuzyildergi.com<\/a>\n\n\n\n

10 May\u0131s 2021, \u0130stanbul <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Necdet Sara\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nTwitter: Yorum\ni\u00e7in T\u0131klay\u0131n<\/a>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Her \u00f6nemli kriz d\u00f6nemlerinde hem \u201ctarihin sonu\u201d hem de \u201cyeni d\u00f6nem\u201d konu\u015fulur. 1914, 1929, 1939 b\u00f6yle…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_disable_autopaging":true},"categories":[1,3],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.necdetsarac.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/809"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.necdetsarac.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.necdetsarac.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.necdetsarac.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.necdetsarac.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=809"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.necdetsarac.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/809\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":814,"href":"https:\/\/www.necdetsarac.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/809\/revisions\/814"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.necdetsarac.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=809"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.necdetsarac.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=809"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.necdetsarac.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=809"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}